Chapter Seventeen

God’s Judgment of
Rome: Judgment of the Whore




17:1 And there came one of the seven angels which had the seven vials, and talked with me, saying unto me, Come hither; I will shew unto thee the judgment of the great whore that sitteth upon many waters:


After the seven vials of God’s wrath had been poured out, one of the angels bearing the vials came and spoke to John
.  His purpose was to show John more details about the papacy which he refers to here as “the great whore that sitteth upon many waters.”  The reason the woman is spoken of as a whore is that the papacy has been guilty of false worship and idolatry which is quite often referred to as fornication or adultery in the Bible.  The Children of Israel did the same thing.  Thou hast also taken thy fair jewels of my gold and of my silver, which I had given thee, and madest to thyself images of men, and didst commit whoredom with them” (Ezekiel 16:17).  The Catholics also practiced idolatry and other abominations which prompted God to call them “the great whore.”  The “many waters” which the woman is seen sitting upon will be explained in verse fifteen to be a multitude of people.  To sit on something means that it acts as a base or foundation.  The papacy could not exist without the support, financially and otherwise, from a great number of people around the world.  So all who have the mark of the beast and support the papacy are those upon which this whore sits.



17:2 With whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication, and the inhabitants of the earth have been made drunk with the wine of her fornication.


For many centuries the papacy managed to get world leaders to submit to her.  These world leaders committed spiritual fornication with
Rome.  This term is often used in reference to idolatry and false worship which is exactly what was occurring in this instance.  The papacy had seduced these leaders into participating in her ungodly deeds.  This is why the papacy was referred to as a “great whore” in verse one.  She was willing to sell herself to the nations of the world for wealth, prestige, and power.


The inhabitants of the earth have been made drunk with the wine of her fornication.”  Not only were the leaders seduced, but the general populace as well.  They were duped into believing and following the false doctrines of the Catholics.  Their condition is likened here to drunkenness.  Rome had in essence, gotten them drunk and taken advantage of them, as an unscrupulous man will often try to do with a woman.  But the people were ultimately at fault, just as a woman will only find herself in that position if she gets drunk in the first place.  It was her decision to drink, therefore what happened to her was ultimately her responsibility.  Likewise, these people could have resisted the false doctrines that were given them to “drink” but they chose not to do so.  They are the ones who chose to drink, no one forced it on them.  And because of the weakness of the people and their leaders the papacy was able to dominate the entire Western world for over a millennium.



17:3 So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet colored beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns.


The angel now carries John
 away into the wilderness where you expect to find wild beasts.  Here he shows John a very horrific beast that has seven heads and ten horns.  We were first introduced to this beast in chapter twelve, but will be given a clearer picture of him here in chapter seventeen.  Seated upon this beast was a woman.  We can tell immediately that this woman is not the one mentioned in chapter twelve.  That woman was righteous, while this one is sitting upon an evil beast which is “full of names of blasphemy.”  This is the same beast we saw in chapter thirteen and it was stated there that he was full of the names of blasphemy.  This shows that the seven powers which the heads represent behaved in a disrespectful and blasphemous manner towards God.  They persecuted His people and corrupted His worship.  They acted as though He did not even exist.  They showed absolutely no regard or respect for God.  The beast is said to be scarlet colored which may well be a reference to the blood of the righteous he has shed countless times throughout history.



17:4 And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet color, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication:


Our attention is now turned to the woman riding upon the hideous beast.  The woman is described as being beautifully and richly attired.  She was wearing garments of purple and scarlet.  “Purple raiment was costly, and consequently its use was the privilege of the rich exclusively.  It was worn by persons of wealth and high official position, and especially by kings.  Indeed, it was a sign of royalty, and was put on Jesus
 in mockery of his claims.”[1]  “The color (scarlet) and the method of obtaining it were early known.  It was much used in the hangings of the tabernacle and in the high priest’s vestments.  It was employed in the ceremony attending the purification of the leper, and in the preparation of the water of separation.”[2]  From the first color we receive the impression of power and authority.  From the second we get the idea of religious meaning and significance.  Together we have a picture of the papacy with her great spiritual authority.


The woman was further adorned with “gold and precious stones and pearls.”  This is a further indication of her wealth.  At the height of its power the papacy was unbelievably wealthy.  Of course much of this wealth was obtained at the expense of her own people.  The woman also had a golden cup in her hand.  It was normal for royalty to drink from vessels of silver and gold so this also adds to her aura of power and wealth.  But in this cup was the “abominations and filthiness of her fornication.”  Everything we had seen to this point has pointed to a wonderful and wealthy woman, but here we see her true character.  She was similar in character to the scribes and Pharisees of Christ
’s day.  Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites!  For ye make clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and excess.  Thou blind Pharisee, cleanse first that which is within the cup and platter, that the outside of them may be clean also” (Matthew 23:25-6).  This woman appeared very beautiful and alluring from the outside, but inside she was rotten to the core.



17:5 And upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY,
BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.


This beautifully attired woman had a name written on her forehead, a name that described her as she really was and betrayed her marvelous appearance.  Back in chapter ten, as preparation was being made for the pouring out of the seven vials of God’s wrath, which was to destroy the papacy, the statement was made “the mystery of God should be finished.”  The term mystery is applied to the apostate Roman Church
.  And indeed her origins and practices are mysterious, having no basis in scripture whatsoever.  At one time in history Babylon was a great and powerful city, and during the sixth century B.C. became the most powerful nation in the world after subduing Assyria.  But it was a city noted for idolatry and excess, and like Sodom and Gomorrah has become synonymous with great wickedness.  At the time Revelation was written Babylon was the most infamous city of the past.  Everyone knew of that city’s reputation for sin and wickedness.  Spiritual Rome has many similar characteristics thus leading to the comparison between the two.


THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.”  Today there are literally hundreds of groups practicing spiritual harlotry.  Groups that have splintered off from the Catholic
 Church because of ideological differences, but they too practice false doctrines of one type or another.  These are the so-called “denominations.”  The word denomination implies division, but the Lord’s Church is not divided.  These churches are also guilty of spiritual fornication like Rome and are in essence the daughters of Rome, which is where apostasy really first took hold and flourished.  So Rome is the mother of numerous spiritual harlots.


This woman’s name was written on her forehead where everyone should have been able to see it.  This denotes the fact that
Rome’s sins and apostasy were visible to the whole world.  The problem, however, is that the world did not want to see the truth of the matter.  They accepted the papacy and never questioned her authenticity.  Just as men are often blinded and taken in by the physical beauty of a woman, despite the fact that she might have a very objectionable character.  Eventually their blindness will be their downfall.


The entire world was exactly as Jesus
 described the Jews during His day “For this people’s heart is waxed gross, and their ears are dull of hearing, and their eyes they have closed; lest at any time they should see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and should understand with their heart, and should be converted, and I should heal them” (Matthew 13:15).  Even today, most people fail to see the apostasy of Rome and her many spiritually immoral daughters, the denominations.  They remain blind to the truth and continue in their sins.



17:6 And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus
: and when I saw her, I wondered with great admiration.


We have already seen that this woman is of very bad character.  Here we see just how bad she is.  She is said to be “drunken with the blood of the saints.”  Of course blood would not actually make a person drunk, but we are not talking about a literal woman anyway.  The thought is that this woman has slaughtered so many of Christ
’s servants that she did not just have a taste of their blood, but was a glutton.  She drank of the blood of the saints until she could not drink any more.


After having given us a description of this hideous woman, John
 now tells us how he reacted.  He “wondered with great admiration.”  This does not mean that he admired the woman in the way we would use the word today.  He wondered and marveled at this woman who was so richly attired, and yet was of such an evil character.  In short, John was amazed at what he saw, and did not fully understand the identity or meaning of this woman.



17:7 And the angel said unto me, Wherefore didst thou marvel?  I will tell thee the mystery of the woman, and of the beast that carrieth her, which hath the seven heads and ten horns.


The angel that is talking with John
 now asks him why he marveled or wondered after this woman and the grotesque beast upon which she was riding.  The angel then offers to tell John about these two evil creatures, which he proceeds to do in the next verse.



17:8 The beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is.


The seven headed beast is spoken of here as something that “was, and is not.”  This indicates that it has died.  This is further supported by the statement “and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition.”  The bottomless pit is where we saw the Arabs arise from in chapter nine.  It is the dwelling place of Satan and of all things which are evil.  Certainly, then, it is the place where this woman and the seven-headed beast came from.  The beast originally came from the pit but then was destroyed.  This is the meaning of the word perdition.  It comes from the Greek
 word “apoleia,” which Strong’s defines as “ruin or loss (physical, spiritual or eternal):-damnable (-nation), destruction, die, perdition, X perish, pernicious ways, waste.”[3]  Thus we see that this beast was killed, which refers to the overthrow of Rome in 476 by Odoacer.


The beast is now dead, but something very unexpected happened.  The beast was resurrected.  This is what is meant by the last phrase of the verse, “the beast that was, and is not, and yet is.”  This has reference to the revival of
Rome, which at one point seemed dead, but then suddenly came back to life in the form of the papacy.  Because of this seemingly miraculous occurrence “they that dwell on the earth shall wonder.”  People will be in awe of the remarkable recuperative powers of this beast.  This is the same thing we saw in chapter thirteen.  And I saw one of his heads as it were wounded to death; and his deadly wound was healed: and all the world wondered after the beast” (Revelation 13:3).  But here we are told who exactly it was that wondered after the beast.  It was those “whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world.”  In other words, most people did wonder after the beast, but Christians did not.  Those who have their names written in the book of life are Christians.  This verse tells us that their names have been written there “from the foundation of the world.”  This does not teach predestination as some might think.  God has not chosen any particular person, but rather a type of people.  Those who are holy and righteous will be accepted of God.  This was decided before the world was ever created.  According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love” (Ephesians 1:4).


The reason Christians will not wonder after the beast is because they should understand what is going on.  They had these very same prophesies which we are presently studying to help them understand the events as they occurred.  Therefore there was no reason for them to wonder after the beast.



17:9 And here is the mind which hath wisdom.  The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth.


The phrase “and here is the mind which hath wisdom,” is similar to the phrase in chapter thirteen “Here is wisdom.”  The idea is that a very important statement is about to be made, and careful attention should be paid to it.  The important message is that “the seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth.”  The question is whether this is meant literally or figuratively.  The Lord has already put us on alert that something unusual is going on in this verse with the statement “here is the mind which hath wisdom.”


In prophesy mountains represent powerful nations and governments.  The seven heads of the beast are seven world empires which Satan has used as his instruments in an attempt to destroy God’s people.  The woman will be shown in verse eighteen to be
Rome.  She is in essence a close-up view of the seventh head, the head presently in power.  She rides upon the beast because she is the representative of the head currently in power, and she is the greatest accomplishment of Satan.  The papacy enjoyed more power, and for a longer time, than any other empire of any time in history.  But despite her unholy power and glory, she failed in her primary mission, the eradication of the Lord’s Church.


But here the seven heads also have another meaning.  It is pointing to the fact that this seventh head sits on seven literal mountains.  We already know that it is
Rome that we are dealing with here.  And indeed Rome fits with this description having long been known as the “City of Seven Hills.”  “These hills include the famous seven hills on which ancient Rome was built-the Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal, and Viminal hills.”[4] Since there is a double meaning here the Lord alerted us to it beforehand so that we would not miss it, by saying, “here is the mind which hath wisdom.



17:10 And there are seven kings: five are fallen, and one is, and the other is not yet come; and when he cometh, he must continue a short space.


The reference to seven kings here is not referring to seven individuals, but to seven thrones, which were each occupied by numerous men.  These kings stand for the seven kingdoms shown as mountains in the previous verse.  The Bible has often used the term king when actually referring to a kingdom.  A good example is found in Daniel chapter two.  There Daniel is interpreting Nebuchadnezzar
’s dream about a great image.  The image is divided up into four parts which represent the four kingdoms of Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome.  In describing the image to Nebuchadnezzar Daniel says this.  Thou, O king, art a king of kings: for the God of heaven hath given thee a kingdom, power, and strength, and glory.  And wheresoever the children of men dwell, the beasts of the field and the fowls of the heaven hath he given into thine hand, and hath made thee ruler over them all.  Thou art this head of gold.  And after thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the earth” (Daniel 2:37-39).  He refers to king Nebuchadnezzar as the head of the image.  The other three parts are all referred to as kingdoms.  Here he is addressing Nebuchadnezzar but says “after thee shall arise another kingdom.”  Since Nebuchadnezzar was not the last king of the Babylonian Empire, Daniel has to be referring to the Empire and not Nebuchadnezzar personally.  This is what the Bible so often does, and is doing here in Revelation.


The seven kingdoms which are under consideration here are
Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, Rome, and the papacy.  Five are fallen, and one is, and the other is not yet come.”  At the time of John’s writing Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Mede-Persia, and Greece had already fallen.  Rome was then in power and the papacy was yet to come.  The last of the seven, the papacy, is supposed to “continue a short space” when it comes.  The term “short space” is from the Greek word “oligos.”  Strong’s definition includes “a season, short, small, a while.”[5]  This definition shows that the word can be interpreted as a season or a while.  This eliminates any possible difficulties over calling the duration of the papacy a “short” space.  The context of the verse indicates to us that we are not looking at the length of the time period, but simply the fact that this seventh kingdom is to have a period during which it is to enjoy great power.



17:11 And the beast that was, and is not, even he is the eighth, and is of the seven, and goeth into perdition.


Again we see the idea of a resurrected kingdom.  A kingdom “that was, and is not, even he is the eighth.”  How can their be an eighth when there are only seven heads?  Notice that it says the eighth “is of the seven.”  This refers us back to chapter thirteen where we saw the seven-headed beast and another beast that “had two horns like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon.”  We identified this second beast as the
Holy Roman Empire.  The Holy Roman Empire is the eighth, but as can easily be seen it is of the seven.  It is the carnal resurrection of the old Roman Empire.  We also find that a similar fate awaits this eighth head as was promised the seven-headed beast.  It too will be destroyed by God’s vengeance.  It ended, interestingly enough, at the same time the papacy was receiving its death blows.

 

“The later emperors, all rulers of Austria and concerned mainly with aggrandizement of their personal dominions, were mere figureheads.  Futile armed intervention against the French Revolution constituted the last important venture of the empire in European politics.  Because of well-founded fears that Napoleon I, Emperor of France, intended to annex the imperial title, Francis II, the last of the emperors, formally dissolved the empire on Aug.  6, 1806, and established the Empire of Austria.”[6]



17:12 And the ten horns which thou sawest are ten kings, which have received no kingdom as yet; but receive power as kings one hour with the beast.


We are now told the meaning of the ten horns of the beast.  The horns represent ten kings.  As we saw in verse ten the term king is used to refer to a kingdom and not to individual rulers.  So the horns are actually ten kingdoms.  We see here that these kingdoms have not come into being as yet, but will receive power and work with the beast at some time in the future.  They will have “power as kings one hour with the beast.”  Here hour comes from the Greek
 word “hora,” which Strong’s defines as “an ‘hour’ (literally or figuratively):-day, hour, instant, season, X short, [even-] tide, (high) time.”[7]  This definition indicates that the meaning of this word does not have to be specific.  One meaning that is given is “season.”  This implies an indefinite period of time.  So we are not looking for a definite period of time for these kingdoms to have power with the beast.  Also, since the 1,260 year period is not mentioned here we can assume that these ten kingdoms will not exist throughout this entire period.  If they were to exist throughout that whole era we would almost certainly be told of this.


Back in chapter thirteen we introduced some related prophesies of Daniel.  One part of that prophesy in particular is very relevant to our discussion here.  And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise: and another shall rise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he shall subdue three kings” (Daniel
7:24).  The fourth of the beasts which Daniel saw was a representation of Rome.  It had ten horns just as the seventh head of the seven-headed beast does.  The question now is this, are these ten horns the same in both cases?  In principle they are, but in practice they aren’t.  In both cases the ten horns are ten kingdoms which support the papacy.  But in Daniel we are looking at the beginning of the papacy, here in Revelation we are looking at the end of the papacy.


Notice how in Daniel’s prophesy the little horn is seen rising AFTER the first ten.  This shows us that these ten kingdoms were in existence in A.D. 533 when the papacy officially began.  Later in this chapter we will see that the ten horns we are currently dealing with are present at the end of the papacy’s power.  The problem is that not one single kingdom extant at the origin of the papacy survived until her demise.  So obviously we must be looking at two different groups of ten.  They serve the same purpose, they support the papacy, but the names will be different for the two sets.


The task of identifying the ten kingdoms spoken of here is not a particularly easy task.  The map of
Europe has undergone tremendous changes over the last 1,500 years.  Kingdoms have appeared and then disappeared, some to reappear later, others gone forever.  Our task is to find ten kingdoms that existed and supported the papacy throughout some part of the 1,260 years of her power, and then remained to turn against the papacy in the end.  The best way I know to approach this is to make a list of all the possible candidates and then look into each one and see if it fits what we are looking for.  There are six criteria which a kingdom must satisfy to be what we are looking for.  The criteria are as follows:

 

1.  It must be an independent or sovereign kingdom.  In other words it is not simply a province or colony of some greater power.


2.  It must possess at least a moderate measure of power.  Verse thirteen tells us that these nations “shall give their power and strength unto the beast.”  A kingdom which was extremely weak would have no power to give to the papacy.


3.  It must be a Catholic
 nation, that is, a nation which has Catholicism as its national religion and supports the papacy.


4.  The first three criteria must have all been met simultaneously during some part of the 1,260 year period of the papacy’s power.


5.  All ten nations must have existed at the same time.


6.  All of the nations must have remained in existence up to the time of the Reformation.  Verse sixteen tells us that “these shall hate the whore, and shall make her desolate and naked, and shall eat her flesh, and burn her with fire.”  So these ten nations will eventually begin to turn away from the papacy, and this did not happen until the Reformation.

 

One method of searching for kingdoms which meet these criteria is to examine the histories of present-day European nations.  We will restrict our search to Europe because after the eighth century Catholic power no longer existed in Asia or Africa for any extended periods of time due to the advance of the Arabs.  But how will looking at present-day Europe give us the information we desire about nations which existed hundreds of years ago?  The histories given in any encyclopedia will provide for us, among other things, the past history of the area of land which is presently occupied by that particular country.  So this way we will find information about the past of every inch of the European continent.  Even if a nation is of recent origin we will know who controlled the land in the past centuries.  This way we can discover what nations existed in Europe in the past.  As of 1991 there were thirty-three sovereign nations in Europe.  They are Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Vatican City, and Yugoslavia.[8]


Many of the nations on our list only came into existence in the last 200 years, which is too late for our purposes.  Others were not Catholic
 nations, but belonged to the Eastern Orthodox branch of Christendom and thus do not fit our criteria.  The following countries can therefore be removed from consideration because of one or both of these reasons: Albania, Andorra, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Switzerland, Turkey, Vatican City, and Yugoslavia.  This leaves Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden to be considered.  We will now examine the history of each of these countries in turn.



Austria

 

“During the 8th century, after fratricidal strife among the Germans, the Franks secured the throne of Bavaria.  Fighting continued during that century between the Avars and the Bavarians in the Danube R.  valley.  At the end of the century the Frankish emperor Charlemagne devastated the territory of the Avars and established a series of outposts (military districts) of the empire in the country between the Enns and Raab rivers to serve as buffer territories against future encroachment from the east.  One of these outposts was the Ostmark (Eastern March), which later became known as the Ost Reich (Eastern Country) or Österreich (Austria).


The Magyars, a nomadic people migrating slowly from the east, advanced easily along the Danube R.  valley until they were finally defeated by the German king Otto I at
Augsburg in 955 in the Battle of the Lechfeld.  Otto I revived the Eastern March and gave the more influential title of margrave to its administrator; these moves marked the emergence of Austria as a political entity.  The boundary of the Eastern March was slowly extended eastward until in the early 11th century it reached what is now called Moravia.  The margrave of Austria was subordinate to the duke of Bavaria, whose domain included this march.  The main function of the margrave was the defense of the march and the outlying areas, and for that purpose the margraves enjoyed exceptional power.  Between 976 and 1230 the Babenberg rulers of Austria contributed much to the growth of the march.  They built cities and roads, encouraged trade, and enhanced their prestige by participation in the Crusades.


The death of the last Babenberg was followed by a period of trial and unrest.  King Ottokar II (1230?-78) of
Bohemia occupied Austria, Styria, and Carniola.  His power was opposed by Rudolph von Hapsburg, who was crowned Holy Roman emperor in 1273.  In 1278 Ottokar was defeated in battle by Rudolf’s forces and slain.  By 1283 most of the former domain of Ottokar had come under the rule of Rudolf’s son Albert I (1250?-1308).


The rise of the house of Hapsburg is closely linked to the rise of
Austria.  During the 14th and 15th centuries the Hapsburgs steadily increased their holdings in the eastern part of the Holy Roman Empire.  With acquisition of the region surrounding the Brenner Pass, the Hapsburg holdings extended from the upper Danube to the upper Rhine and to the edge of the eastern Alps.  Between 1438 and 1806 the rulers of Austria, with one exception, also held the title of Holy Roman emperor.


The Austrian rulers enlarged their holdings by political agreements and by marriage.  It was said that while other states made war, it was the good fortune of
Austria to make marriages.  Flanders, Burgundy, Spain, Trieste, Styria, southern Tirol, and all the present Austrian provinces (with the exception of Salzburg which was governed by an archbishop) became Hapsburg possessions through marriage.  With the acquisition of the Netherlands through marriage in 1477, of the crown of Bohemia in 1526, and the crown of Hungary in 1527, The Hapsburgs made Austria the center of a vast empire.”[9]

 

From this we can see that Austria seems to be exactly what we are looking for.  It was a very strong independent nation, and definitely supported Catholicism.  So Austria is the first horn.



Denmark

 

“About A.D. 950, all Denmark was united by King Harald Bluetooth.  Harald introduced Christianity in Denmark.  About 800, Danish seamen began raiding European coastal towns and sailing away with slaves and treasure.  The Danish Vikings spread terror throughout much of Western Europe for about 300 years.  They conquered England in 1013, and Danish kings ruled that country until 1042.


During the late 1100’s and early 1200’s, Danish power expanded along the southern coast of the
Baltic sea to Estonia, which Denmark conquered in 1219.  But a long period of civil wars and struggles with north German cities, beginning in the 1240’s, greatly weakened the country.


Denmark regained its power under Queen Margrete, who became ruler in 1375.  Margrete was also the wife of King Haakon VI of Norway.  After he died in 1380, Margrete became ruler of Norway as well as Denmark.  In 1388, during political confusion in Sweden, Swedish noblemen elected her ruler of Sweden, too.  In 1397, Margrete united Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in the union of Kalmar, with power centered in Denmark.  Sweden broke away from the union in 1523.


In 1536, during the Reformation, King Christian III established Lutheranism as the official religion of
Denmark.  That same year Christian made Norway a province of Denmark.”[10]

 

Denmark also meets our requirements.  It was a powerful nation which practiced Catholicism up until the Reformation.  Therefore Denmark is our second horn.



Finland

 

“In the 1000’s, Sweden and Russia began a struggle for control of Finland.  Both nations wanted to extend their boundaries.  In addition, Sweden wanted to convert the Finns to Roman Catholicism, and Russia wanted to convert them to Eastern Orthodoxy.


During the 1100’s and 1200’s,
Sweden gradually conquered all Finland and established Roman Catholicism as the official religion.  Many Swedes settled in Finland, and Swedish became the official language.  However, Finns shared equal rights with Swedes.  About 1540, the Swedish king made Lutheranism the official religion.”[11]

 

From this we can see that Finland does not meet our criteria.  Although Catholicism was the predominant religion, Finland never really existed as an independent sovereign nation after it was converted to Catholicism.  It was a pawn in the struggle between Sweden and Russia.  Therefore Finland is not one of our horns.



France

 

“By the mid-600’s, the Merovingian kings had become weak rulers, interested chiefly in personal pleasures.  Pepin the Herstal, the chief royal advisor, gradually took over most of the royal powers.  His son, Charles Martel, extended the family’s power.  Charles received the title Martel (the Hammer) after defeating an invading Arab army in 732.  The battle began near Tours and ended near Poiters.  He became king of the Franks in all but title.


Charles Martel’s son, Pepin the Short, overthrew the last Merovingian ruler and became king of the Franks in 751.  He founded the Carolingian dynasty, and enlarged the Frankish kingdom.  He also helped develop the political power of the pope by giving Pope Stephen II a large gift of land north of
Rome.


Pepin’s son, Charlemagne, was one of the mightiest conquerors of all time.  After Charlemagne became king of the Franks, he went on over fifty military campaigns and expanded his kingdom far beyond the borders of what is now
France.  He also extended the pope’s lands.  In 800 Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans.


Charlemagne died in 814, and his three grandsons later fought among themselves for control of his huge empire.  They divided it into three kingdoms in 843.  In the Treaty of Verdun, one grandson, Charles the Bald, received most of what is now
France.  The second kingdom consisted of much that is now Germany.  The third kingdom lay between the other two.  It consisted of a strip of land extending from the North Sea to central Italy.


By the late 900’s, the Carolingian kings had lost much power, and the strength of the nobles had increased.  The kings became little more than feudal lords chosen by the other feudal nobles to lead them in war.  But in peacetime, most of their authority extended only over their personal estates.  In 987, the nobles ended the Carolingian line of kings and chose Hugh Capet as their king.  He started the Capetian dynasty.  Many historians mark the beginning of the French nation from the coronation of Hugh Capet.”
[12]

 

This shows the beginnings of the French nation.  France remained an independent and Catholic nation until the French Revolution in 1789.  From this we see that France does meet our criteria.  Therefore France is our third horn.



Germany

 

“In 843, the Treaty of Verdun divided Charlemagne’s empire into three kingdoms, one for each of his grandsons.  Louis II (called the German) received lands east of the Rhine River.  His kingdom became what is now Germany.  The western part, later called France, went to Charles I (the Bald).  Lothair I received the middle kingdom, a narrow strip that extended from the North Sea to central Italy.  He also kept the title of emperor.


In 911, The German branch of the Frankish royal family died out.  By then, the German kingdom consisted of five powerful duchies (territories ruled by a duke)-
Bavaria, Lorraine, Franconia, Saxony, and Swabia.  The German dukes elected Conrad I of Franconia as king.  In 919, Conrad was followed by Henry I (the Fowler) of Saxony, whose family ruled until 1024.  With the founding of the Saxon dynasty, Germany became permanently separated from France.


Henry’s son, Otto I (the Great), drove invading Hungarians out of southern
Germany in 955, and extended the German frontier in the North.  Otto also won control over the old middle Frankish kingdom, which gave him the right to claim the title of emperor.  In 962, Otto was crowned emperor of Rome.  This marked the beginning of what later was called the Holy Roman Empire.”[13]

 

Germany remained part of the Holy Roman Empire until Napoleon seized most of its territory in the early nineteenth century.  His conquests brought about the official end of the Empire in 1806.  So from 962 to 1806 Germany was not an independent nation.  It was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and in reality part of Austria.  Catholicism was the dominant religion of this region, but since Germany was not an independent nation it fails to meet our criteria.  Therefore Germany is not one of our horns.



Great Britain


Great Britain as a nation did not actually exist until 1707.  That is when England, Scotland, and Wales united to form Great Britain.  In 1801 Northern Ireland joined Great Britain to form the United Kingdom.  Before all of this came about the area was generally referred to as England.  We will now examine the history of England in the centuries before it became Great Britain.


Groups known as the Angles and Saxons invaded
England in the fifth century as soon as Rome had withdrawn its last legions.  They subdued most of the Britons and were able to fend off the Scots and Danes for the most part.  They formed a strong central government which helped to unify the country.  For several centuries England was ruled as a monarchy by Saxon kings.  In 1066, after Edward the Confessor died without leaving a direct heir, a French nobleman, William, Duke of Normandy, claimed the throne and invaded England.  William’s conquest was successful and he became the king of England.  As time passed the Normans and Anglo-Saxons assimilated into one culture.  Christianity had been introduced to England by Roman soldiers long before the Angles and Saxons ever arrived.  But Christianity did not become the predominant religion of England until missionary efforts were undertaken by the Catholic Church in the sixth century.  England remained a Catholic nation until 1534.[14]


From this we can see that
England was indeed a strong and sovereign nation which practiced Catholicism.  Thus it fits our criteria, and is horn number four.



Hungary

 

“The history of the Hungarian state began in the late 800’s.  At that time tribes of Magyars swept from the east into the middle Danube basin—the great lowland region bordering the Danube River that comprises most of present-day Hungary.  The tribes were led by a chief named Árpád.  As the Magyars advanced into the area, they began to establish settlements.


During the early 900’s, Magyar armies looted towns throughout much of
Europe.  But in 955, the German king Otto I defeated the invading Magyars.  The Magyars then ended their raids.


About 970, Árpád’s great-grandson Géza became leader of the Magyars.  Géza began to organize the various Magyar tribes into a united nation.  After Géza died, his son, Stephen, carried on the work.  Stephen, who was a Roman Catholic
, asked Pope Sylvester II to give him the title king of Hungary.  The pope agreed, and Stephen I, Hungary’s first king, was crowned in 1000.  As king, Stephen made Roman Catholicism the country’s official religion.  For this work, the Catholic Church declared him a saint in 1083, 45 years after his death.  As a result of Stephen’s reign, Hungary became closely identified with the culture and politics of Western Europe.


Árpád’s descendants ruled
Hungary until 1301, when the last Árpád king died without an heir.  During the 300 years of the Árpáds’ reign, Hungary became firmly established as a Christian state.  After the death of the last Árpád king in 1301, Hungary remained an independent kingdom for 225 more years.”[15]